Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China

Ru Jin Huang; Yichen Wang; Junji Cao; Chunshui Lin; Jing Duan; Qi Chen; Yongjie Li; Yifang Gu; Jin Yan; Wei Xu; Roman Fröhlich; Francesco Canonaco; Carlo Bozzetti; Jurgita Ovadnevaite; Darius Ceburnis; Manjula R. Canagaratna; John Jayne; Douglas R. Worsnop; Imad El-Haddad; Andre S.H. Prevot; Colin D. O'Dowd

doi:10.5194/acp-19-2283-2019

Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China

Ru Jin Huang, Yichen Wang, Junji Cao, Chunshui Lin, Jing Duan, Qi Chen, Yongjie Li, Yifang Gu, Jin Yan, Wei Xu, Roman Fröhlich, Francesco Canonaco, Carlo Bozzetti, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, Manjula R. Canagaratna, John Jayne, Douglas R. Worsnop, Imad El-Haddad, Andre S.H. PrevotColin D. O'Dowd

Physics

Research output: Contribution to a Journal (Peer & Non Peer) › Article › peer-review

87 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a severe environmental problem in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in North China. PM studies have been conducted extensively in Beijing, but the chemical composition, sources, and atmospheric processes of PM are still relatively less known in nearby Tianjin and Hebei. In this study, fine PM in urban Shijiazhuang (the capital of Hebei Province) was characterized using an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitor (Q-ACSM) from 11 January to 18 February in 2014. The average mass concentration of non-refractory submicron PM (diameter <1 μm, NR-PM1) was 178±101 μg mĝ'3, and it was composed of 50 % organic aerosol (OA), 21 % sulfate, 12 % nitrate, 11 % ammonium, and 6 % chloride. Using the multilinear engine (ME-2) receptor model, five OA sources were identified and quantified, including hydrocarbon-like OA from vehicle emissions (HOA, 13 %), cooking OA (COA, 16 %), biomass burning OA (BBOA, 17 %), coal combustion OA (CCOA, 27 %), and oxygenated OA (OOA, 27 %). We found that secondary formation contributed substantially to PM in episodic events, whereas primary emissions were dominant (most significant) on average. The episodic events with the highest NR-PM1 mass range of 300-360 μg mĝ'3 were comprised of 55 % of secondary species. On the contrary, a campaign-average low OOA fraction (27 %) in OA indicated the importance of primary emissions, and a low sulfur oxidation degree (<math xmlnsCombining double low line"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" idCombining double low line"M8" displayCombining double low line"inline" overflowCombining double low line"scroll" dspmathCombining double low line"mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow classCombining double low line"chem"><msub><mi mathvariantCombining double low line"normal">SO</mi><mn mathvariantCombining double low line"normal">4</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><svg:svg xmlns:svgCombining double low line"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" widthCombining double low line"23pt" heightCombining double low line"14pt" classCombining double low line"svg-formula" dspmathCombining double low line"mathimg" md5hashCombining double low line"8819465d5a6df2253350653799fd2c60"><svg:image xmlns:xlinkCombining double low line"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:hrefCombining double low line"acp-19-2283-2019-ie00001.svg" widthCombining double low line"23pt" heightCombining double low line"14pt" srcCombining double low line"acp-19-2283-2019-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg>) of 0.18 even at RH >90 % hinted at insufficient oxidation. These results suggested that in Shijiazhuang in wintertime fine PM was mostly from primary emissions without sufficient atmospheric aging, indicating opportunities for air quality improvement by mitigating direct emissions. In addition, secondary inorganic and organic (OOA) species dominated in pollution events with high-RH conditions, most likely due to enhanced aqueous-phase chemistry, whereas primary organic aerosol (POA) dominated in pollution events with low-RH and stagnant conditions. These results also highlighted the importance of meteorological conditions for PM pollution in this highly polluted city in North China..

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	2283-2298
Number of pages	16
Journal	Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Volume	19
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2283-2019
Publication status	Published - 21 Feb 2019

Authors (Note for portal: view the doc link for the full list of authors)

Authors
Huang, Ru-Jin and Wang, Yichen and Cao, Junji and Lin, Chunshui and Duan, Jing and Chen, Qi and Li, Yongjie and Gu, Yifang and Yan, Jin and Xu, Wei and Frohlich, Roman and Canonaco, Francesco and Bozzetti, Carlo and Ovadnevaite, Jurgita and Ceburnis, Darius and Canagaratna, Manjula R. and Jayne, John and Worsnop, Douglas R. and El-Haddad, Imad and Prevot, Andre S. H. and O'Dowd, Colin D.
Huang, RJ;Wang, YC;Cao, JJ;Lin, CS;Duan, J;Chen, Q;Li, YJ;Gu, YF;Yan, J;Xu, W;Frohlich, R;Canonaco, F;Bozzetti, C;Ovadnevaite, J;Ceburnis, D;Canagaratna, MR;Jayne, J;Worsnop, DR;El-Haddad, I;Prevot, ASH;O'Dowd, CD

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.5194/acp-19-2283-2019

Cite this

Huang, R. J., Wang, Y., Cao, J., Lin, C., Duan, J., Chen, Q., Li, Y., Gu, Y., Yan, J., Xu, W., Fröhlich, R., Canonaco, F., Bozzetti, C., Ovadnevaite, J., Ceburnis, D., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J., Worsnop, D. R., El-Haddad, I., ... O'Dowd, C. D. (2019). Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19(4), 2283-2298. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2283-2019

@article{a21defb5b9ca41269c02995d44eea9a0,

title = "Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China",

abstract = "Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a severe environmental problem in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in North China. PM studies have been conducted extensively in Beijing, but the chemical composition, sources, and atmospheric processes of PM are still relatively less known in nearby Tianjin and Hebei. In this study, fine PM in urban Shijiazhuang (the capital of Hebei Province) was characterized using an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitor (Q-ACSM) from 11 January to 18 February in 2014. The average mass concentration of non-refractory submicron PM (diameter\ <1\ μm, NR-PM1) was 178±101\ μg mĝ'3, and it was composed of 50\ \% organic aerosol (OA), 21\ \% sulfate, 12\ \% nitrate, 11\ \% ammonium, and 6\ \% chloride. Using the multilinear engine (ME-2) receptor model, five OA sources were identified and quantified, including hydrocarbon-like OA from vehicle emissions (HOA, 13\ \%), cooking OA (COA, 16\ \%), biomass burning OA (BBOA, 17\ \%), coal combustion OA (CCOA, 27\ \%), and oxygenated OA (OOA, 27\ \%). We found that secondary formation contributed substantially to PM in episodic events, whereas primary emissions were dominant (most significant) on average. The episodic events with the highest NR-PM1 mass range of 300-360\ μg mĝ'3 were comprised of 55\ \% of secondary species. On the contrary, a campaign-average low OOA fraction (27\ \%) in OA indicated the importance of primary emissions, and a low sulfur oxidation degree (FSO4) of 0.18 even at RH\ >90\ \% hinted at insufficient oxidation. These results suggested that in Shijiazhuang in wintertime fine PM was mostly from primary emissions without sufficient atmospheric aging, indicating opportunities for air quality improvement by mitigating direct emissions. In addition, secondary inorganic and organic (OOA) species dominated in pollution events with high-RH conditions, most likely due to enhanced aqueous-phase chemistry, whereas primary organic aerosol (POA) dominated in pollution events with low-RH and stagnant conditions. These results also highlighted the importance of meteorological conditions for PM pollution in this highly polluted city in North China..",

author = "Huang, \{Ru Jin\} and Yichen Wang and Junji Cao and Chunshui Lin and Jing Duan and Qi Chen and Yongjie Li and Yifang Gu and Jin Yan and Wei Xu and Roman Fr{\"o}hlich and Francesco Canonaco and Carlo Bozzetti and Jurgita Ovadnevaite and Darius Ceburnis and Canagaratna, \{Manjula R.\} and John Jayne and Worsnop, \{Douglas R.\} and Imad El-Haddad and Prevot, \{Andre S.H.\} and O'Dowd, \{Colin D.\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Author(s) 2019.",

year = "2019",

month = feb,

day = "21",

doi = "10.5194/acp-19-2283-2019",

language = "English",

volume = "19",

pages = "2283--2298",

journal = "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics",

issn = "1680-7316",

publisher = "Copernicus Publications",

number = "4",

}

Huang, RJ, Wang, Y, Cao, J, Lin, C, Duan, J, Chen, Q, Li, Y, Gu, Y, Yan, J, Xu, W, Fröhlich, R, Canonaco, F, Bozzetti, C, Ovadnevaite, J , Ceburnis, D, Canagaratna, MR, Jayne, J, Worsnop, DR, El-Haddad, I, Prevot, ASH & O'Dowd, CD 2019, 'Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China', Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 2283-2298. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2283-2019

TY - JOUR

T1 - Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China

AU - Huang, Ru Jin

AU - Wang, Yichen

AU - Cao, Junji

AU - Lin, Chunshui

AU - Duan, Jing

AU - Chen, Qi

AU - Li, Yongjie

AU - Gu, Yifang

AU - Yan, Jin

AU - Xu, Wei

AU - Fröhlich, Roman

AU - Canonaco, Francesco

AU - Bozzetti, Carlo

AU - Ovadnevaite, Jurgita

AU - Ceburnis, Darius

AU - Canagaratna, Manjula R.

AU - Jayne, John

AU - Worsnop, Douglas R.

AU - El-Haddad, Imad

AU - Prevot, Andre S.H.

AU - O'Dowd, Colin D.

PY - 2019/2/21

Y1 - 2019/2/21

N2 - Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a severe environmental problem in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in North China. PM studies have been conducted extensively in Beijing, but the chemical composition, sources, and atmospheric processes of PM are still relatively less known in nearby Tianjin and Hebei. In this study, fine PM in urban Shijiazhuang (the capital of Hebei Province) was characterized using an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitor (Q-ACSM) from 11 January to 18 February in 2014. The average mass concentration of non-refractory submicron PM (diameter <1 μm, NR-PM1) was 178±101 μg mĝ'3, and it was composed of 50 % organic aerosol (OA), 21 % sulfate, 12 % nitrate, 11 % ammonium, and 6 % chloride. Using the multilinear engine (ME-2) receptor model, five OA sources were identified and quantified, including hydrocarbon-like OA from vehicle emissions (HOA, 13 %), cooking OA (COA, 16 %), biomass burning OA (BBOA, 17 %), coal combustion OA (CCOA, 27 %), and oxygenated OA (OOA, 27 %). We found that secondary formation contributed substantially to PM in episodic events, whereas primary emissions were dominant (most significant) on average. The episodic events with the highest NR-PM1 mass range of 300-360 μg mĝ'3 were comprised of 55 % of secondary species. On the contrary, a campaign-average low OOA fraction (27 %) in OA indicated the importance of primary emissions, and a low sulfur oxidation degree (FSO4) of 0.18 even at RH >90 % hinted at insufficient oxidation. These results suggested that in Shijiazhuang in wintertime fine PM was mostly from primary emissions without sufficient atmospheric aging, indicating opportunities for air quality improvement by mitigating direct emissions. In addition, secondary inorganic and organic (OOA) species dominated in pollution events with high-RH conditions, most likely due to enhanced aqueous-phase chemistry, whereas primary organic aerosol (POA) dominated in pollution events with low-RH and stagnant conditions. These results also highlighted the importance of meteorological conditions for PM pollution in this highly polluted city in North China..

AB - Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a severe environmental problem in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in North China. PM studies have been conducted extensively in Beijing, but the chemical composition, sources, and atmospheric processes of PM are still relatively less known in nearby Tianjin and Hebei. In this study, fine PM in urban Shijiazhuang (the capital of Hebei Province) was characterized using an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitor (Q-ACSM) from 11 January to 18 February in 2014. The average mass concentration of non-refractory submicron PM (diameter <1 μm, NR-PM1) was 178±101 μg mĝ'3, and it was composed of 50 % organic aerosol (OA), 21 % sulfate, 12 % nitrate, 11 % ammonium, and 6 % chloride. Using the multilinear engine (ME-2) receptor model, five OA sources were identified and quantified, including hydrocarbon-like OA from vehicle emissions (HOA, 13 %), cooking OA (COA, 16 %), biomass burning OA (BBOA, 17 %), coal combustion OA (CCOA, 27 %), and oxygenated OA (OOA, 27 %). We found that secondary formation contributed substantially to PM in episodic events, whereas primary emissions were dominant (most significant) on average. The episodic events with the highest NR-PM1 mass range of 300-360 μg mĝ'3 were comprised of 55 % of secondary species. On the contrary, a campaign-average low OOA fraction (27 %) in OA indicated the importance of primary emissions, and a low sulfur oxidation degree (FSO4) of 0.18 even at RH >90 % hinted at insufficient oxidation. These results suggested that in Shijiazhuang in wintertime fine PM was mostly from primary emissions without sufficient atmospheric aging, indicating opportunities for air quality improvement by mitigating direct emissions. In addition, secondary inorganic and organic (OOA) species dominated in pollution events with high-RH conditions, most likely due to enhanced aqueous-phase chemistry, whereas primary organic aerosol (POA) dominated in pollution events with low-RH and stagnant conditions. These results also highlighted the importance of meteorological conditions for PM pollution in this highly polluted city in North China..

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85062093668

U2 - 10.5194/acp-19-2283-2019

DO - 10.5194/acp-19-2283-2019

M3 - Article

SN - 1680-7316

VL - 19

SP - 2283

EP - 2298

JO - Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

JF - Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

IS - 4

ER -

Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the most polluted city (Shijiazhuang) in North China

Abstract

Authors (Note for portal: view the doc link for the full list of authors)

UN SDGs

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this