Observation of Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time span

V. A. Acciari; T. Arlen; T. Aune; W. Benbow; R. Bird; A. Bouvier; S. M. Bradbury; J. H. Buckley; V. Bugaev; I. De La Calle Perez; D. A. Carter-Lewis; A. Cesarini; L. Ciupik; E. Collins-Hughes; M. P. Connolly; W. Cui; C. Duke; J. P. Dumm; A. D. Falcone; S. Federici; D. J. Fegan; S. J. Fegan; J. P. Finley; G. Finnegan; L. F. Fortson; J. A. Gaidos; N. Galante; D. Gall; K. Gibbs; G. H. Gillanders; S. Griffin; J. Grube; G. Gyuk; D. Hanna; D. Horan; T. B. Humensky; P. Kaaret; M. Kertzman; Y. Khassen; D. B. Kieda; H. Krawczynski; F. Krennrich; Mark Lang; J. E. McEnery; A. S. Madhavan; Patrick Moriarty; T. Nelson; A. O'Faoláin De Bhróithe; R. A. Ong; M. Orr; A. N. Otte; J. S. Perkins; D. Petry; A. Pichel; M. Pohl; J. Quinn; K. Ragan; T. Reynolds; E. Roache; A. C. Rovero; M. Schroedter; G. H. Sembroski; A. Smith; I. Telezhinsky; M. Theiling; J. A. Toner; J. Tyler; A. Varlotta; M. Vivier; S. P. Wakely; J. E. Ward; T. C. Weekes; A. Weinstein; R. Welsing; D. A. Williams; S. A. Wissel

doi:10.13025/27615

Observation of Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time span

V. A. Acciari
, T. Arlen
, T. Aune
, W. Benbow
, R. Bird
, A. Bouvier
, S. M. Bradbury
, J. H. Buckley
, V. Bugaev
, I. De La Calle Perez
, D. A. Carter-Lewis
, A. Cesarini
, L. Ciupik
, E. Collins-Hughes
, M. P. Connolly
, W. Cui
, C. Duke
, J. P. Dumm
, A. D. Falcone
, S. Federici

D. J. Fegan, S. J. Fegan, J. P. Finley, G. Finnegan, L. F. Fortson, J. A. Gaidos, N. Galante, D. Gall, K. Gibbs, G. H. Gillanders, S. Griffin, J. Grube, G. Gyuk, D. Hanna, D. Horan, T. B. Humensky, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, Y. Khassen, D. B. Kieda, H. Krawczynski, F. Krennrich, Mark Lang, J. E. McEnery, A. S. Madhavan, Patrick Moriarty, T. Nelson, A. O'Faoláin De Bhróithe, R. A. Ong, M. Orr, A. N. Otte, J. S. Perkins, D. Petry, A. Pichel, M. Pohl, J. Quinn, K. Ragan, T. Reynolds, E. Roache, A. C. Rovero, M. Schroedter, G. H. Sembroski, A. Smith, I. Telezhinsky, M. Theiling, J. A. Toner, J. Tyler, A. Varlotta, M. Vivier, S. P. Wakely, J. E. Ward, T. C. Weekes, A. Weinstein, R. Welsing, D. A. Williams, S. A. Wissel

Physics

Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology
Harvard & Smithsonian
University of California, Los Angeles
Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics
University College Dublin
University of Leeds
Washington University in St. Louis
European Space Astronomy Centre
Iowa State University
University of Galway
Adler Planetarium
Purdue University
Grinnell College
University of Minnesota
Methodology Center at Penn State
University of Potsdam
DESY
Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet
University of Utah
University of Iowa
McGill University
Barnard College
DePauw University
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
University of Maryland
Georgia Institute of Technology
University of Maryland Baltimore County
ESO
Instituto de Astronomia y Fisica Del Espacio
South Campus
Valeo
The Bartol Research Institute
University of Chicago

Research output: Contribution to a Journal (Peer & Non Peer) › Article › peer-review

64 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The variability of the blazar Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time period has been explored with the Whipple 10 m telescope. It is shown that the dynamic range of its flux variations is large and similar to that in X-rays. A correlation between the X-ray and TeV energy bands is observed during some bright flares and when the complete data sets are binned on long timescales. The main database consists of 878.4 h of observation with the Whipple telescope, spread over 783 nights. The peak energy response of the telescope was 400 GeV with 20% uncertainty. This is the largest database of any TeV-emitting active galactic nucleus (AGN) and hence was used to explore the variability profile of Markarian 421. The tithe-averaged flux from Markarian 421 over this period was 0.446 + - 0.008 Crab flux units. The flux exceeded 10 Crab flux units on three separate occasions. For the 2000-2001 season the average flux reached 1.86 Crab units, while in the 1996-1997 season the average flux was only 0.23 Crab units. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Original language	English (Ireland)
Pages (from-to)	1-10
Number of pages	10
Journal	Astroparticle Physics
Volume	54
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.13025/27615 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2013.10.004
Publication status	Published - 1 Feb 2014

Keywords

AGN
Markarian 421
TeV gamma rays

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Acciari, V. A., Arlen, T., Aune, T., Benbow, W., Bird, R., Bouvier, A., Bradbury, S. M., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V., De La Calle Perez, I., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Cesarini, A., Ciupik, L., Collins-Hughes, E., Connolly, M. P., Cui, W., Duke, C., Dumm, J. P., Falcone, A. D., ... Wissel, S. A. (2014). Observation of Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time span. Astroparticle Physics, 54, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.13025/27615, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2013.10.004

@article{89064e4bcd3b4a93b6a4912f4675e601,

title = "Observation of Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time span",

abstract = "The variability of the blazar Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time period has been explored with the Whipple 10 m telescope. It is shown that the dynamic range of its flux variations is large and similar to that in X-rays. A correlation between the X-ray and TeV energy bands is observed during some bright flares and when the complete data sets are binned on long timescales. The main database consists of 878.4 h of observation with the Whipple telescope, spread over 783 nights. The peak energy response of the telescope was 400 GeV with 20\% uncertainty. This is the largest database of any TeV-emitting active galactic nucleus (AGN) and hence was used to explore the variability profile of Markarian 421. The tithe-averaged flux from Markarian 421 over this period was 0.446 + - 0.008 Crab flux units. The flux exceeded 10 Crab flux units on three separate occasions. For the 2000-2001 season the average flux reached 1.86 Crab units, while in the 1996-1997 season the average flux was only 0.23 Crab units. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",

keywords = "AGN, Markarian 421, TeV gamma rays",

author = "Acciari, \{V. A.\} and T. Arlen and T. Aune and W. Benbow and R. Bird and A. Bouvier and Bradbury, \{S. M.\} and Buckley, \{J. H.\} and V. Bugaev and \{De La Calle Perez\}, I. and Carter-Lewis, \{D. A.\} and A. Cesarini and L. Ciupik and E. Collins-Hughes and Connolly, \{M. P.\} and W. Cui and C. Duke and Dumm, \{J. P.\} and Falcone, \{A. D.\} and S. Federici and Fegan, \{D. J.\} and Fegan, \{S. J.\} and Finley, \{J. P.\} and G. Finnegan and Fortson, \{L. F.\} and Gaidos, \{J. A.\} and N. Galante and D. Gall and K. Gibbs and Gillanders, \{G. H.\} and S. Griffin and J. Grube and G. Gyuk and D. Hanna and D. Horan and Humensky, \{T. B.\} and P. Kaaret and M. Kertzman and Y. Khassen and Kieda, \{D. B.\} and H. Krawczynski and F. Krennrich and Mark Lang and McEnery, \{J. E.\} and Madhavan, \{A. S.\} and Patrick Moriarty and T. Nelson and \{O'Faol{\'a}in De Bhr{\'o}ithe\}, A. and Ong, \{R. A.\} and M. Orr and Otte, \{A. N.\} and Perkins, \{J. S.\} and D. Petry and A. Pichel and M. Pohl and J. Quinn and K. Ragan and T. Reynolds and E. Roache and Rovero, \{A. C.\} and M. Schroedter and Sembroski, \{G. H.\} and A. Smith and I. Telezhinsky and M. Theiling and Toner, \{J. A.\} and J. Tyler and A. Varlotta and M. Vivier and Wakely, \{S. P.\} and Ward, \{J. E.\} and Weekes, \{T. C.\} and A. Weinstein and R. Welsing and Williams, \{D. A.\} and Wissel, \{S. A.\}",

year = "2014",

month = feb,

day = "1",

doi = "10.13025/27615",

language = "English (Ireland)",

volume = "54",

pages = "1--10",

journal = "Astroparticle Physics",

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Acciari, VA, Arlen, T, Aune, T, Benbow, W, Bird, R, Bouvier, A, Bradbury, SM, Buckley, JH, Bugaev, V, De La Calle Perez, I, Carter-Lewis, DA, Cesarini, A, Ciupik, L, Collins-Hughes, E, Connolly, MP, Cui, W, Duke, C, Dumm, JP, Falcone, AD, Federici, S, Fegan, DJ, Fegan, SJ, Finley, JP, Finnegan, G, Fortson, LF, Gaidos, JA, Galante, N, Gall, D, Gibbs, K, Gillanders, GH, Griffin, S, Grube, J, Gyuk, G, Hanna, D, Horan, D, Humensky, TB, Kaaret, P, Kertzman, M, Khassen, Y, Kieda, DB, Krawczynski, H, Krennrich, F, Lang, M, McEnery, JE, Madhavan, AS, Moriarty, P, Nelson, T, O'Faoláin De Bhróithe, A, Ong, RA, Orr, M, Otte, AN, Perkins, JS, Petry, D, Pichel, A, Pohl, M, Quinn, J, Ragan, K, Reynolds, T, Roache, E, Rovero, AC, Schroedter, M, Sembroski, GH, Smith, A, Telezhinsky, I, Theiling, M, Toner, JA, Tyler, J, Varlotta, A, Vivier, M, Wakely, SP, Ward, JE, Weekes, TC, Weinstein, A, Welsing, R, Williams, DA & Wissel, SA 2014, 'Observation of Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time span', Astroparticle Physics, vol. 54, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.13025/27615, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2013.10.004

TY - JOUR

T1 - Observation of Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time span

AU - Acciari, V. A.

AU - Arlen, T.

AU - Aune, T.

AU - Benbow, W.

AU - Bird, R.

AU - Bouvier, A.

AU - Bradbury, S. M.

AU - Buckley, J. H.

AU - Bugaev, V.

AU - De La Calle Perez, I.

AU - Carter-Lewis, D. A.

AU - Cesarini, A.

AU - Ciupik, L.

AU - Collins-Hughes, E.

AU - Connolly, M. P.

AU - Cui, W.

AU - Duke, C.

AU - Dumm, J. P.

AU - Falcone, A. D.

AU - Federici, S.

AU - Fegan, D. J.

AU - Fegan, S. J.

AU - Finley, J. P.

AU - Finnegan, G.

AU - Fortson, L. F.

AU - Gaidos, J. A.

AU - Galante, N.

AU - Gall, D.

AU - Gibbs, K.

AU - Gillanders, G. H.

AU - Griffin, S.

AU - Grube, J.

AU - Gyuk, G.

AU - Hanna, D.

AU - Horan, D.

AU - Humensky, T. B.

AU - Kaaret, P.

AU - Kertzman, M.

AU - Khassen, Y.

AU - Kieda, D. B.

AU - Krawczynski, H.

AU - Krennrich, F.

AU - Lang, Mark

AU - McEnery, J. E.

AU - Madhavan, A. S.

AU - Moriarty, Patrick

AU - Nelson, T.

AU - O'Faoláin De Bhróithe, A.

AU - Ong, R. A.

AU - Orr, M.

AU - Otte, A. N.

AU - Perkins, J. S.

AU - Petry, D.

AU - Pichel, A.

AU - Pohl, M.

AU - Quinn, J.

AU - Ragan, K.

AU - Reynolds, T.

AU - Roache, E.

AU - Rovero, A. C.

AU - Schroedter, M.

AU - Sembroski, G. H.

AU - Smith, A.

AU - Telezhinsky, I.

AU - Theiling, M.

AU - Toner, J. A.

AU - Tyler, J.

AU - Varlotta, A.

AU - Vivier, M.

AU - Wakely, S. P.

AU - Ward, J. E.

AU - Weekes, T. C.

AU - Weinstein, A.

AU - Welsing, R.

AU - Williams, D. A.

AU - Wissel, S. A.

PY - 2014/2/1

Y1 - 2014/2/1

N2 - The variability of the blazar Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time period has been explored with the Whipple 10 m telescope. It is shown that the dynamic range of its flux variations is large and similar to that in X-rays. A correlation between the X-ray and TeV energy bands is observed during some bright flares and when the complete data sets are binned on long timescales. The main database consists of 878.4 h of observation with the Whipple telescope, spread over 783 nights. The peak energy response of the telescope was 400 GeV with 20% uncertainty. This is the largest database of any TeV-emitting active galactic nucleus (AGN) and hence was used to explore the variability profile of Markarian 421. The tithe-averaged flux from Markarian 421 over this period was 0.446 + - 0.008 Crab flux units. The flux exceeded 10 Crab flux units on three separate occasions. For the 2000-2001 season the average flux reached 1.86 Crab units, while in the 1996-1997 season the average flux was only 0.23 Crab units. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

AB - The variability of the blazar Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time period has been explored with the Whipple 10 m telescope. It is shown that the dynamic range of its flux variations is large and similar to that in X-rays. A correlation between the X-ray and TeV energy bands is observed during some bright flares and when the complete data sets are binned on long timescales. The main database consists of 878.4 h of observation with the Whipple telescope, spread over 783 nights. The peak energy response of the telescope was 400 GeV with 20% uncertainty. This is the largest database of any TeV-emitting active galactic nucleus (AGN) and hence was used to explore the variability profile of Markarian 421. The tithe-averaged flux from Markarian 421 over this period was 0.446 + - 0.008 Crab flux units. The flux exceeded 10 Crab flux units on three separate occasions. For the 2000-2001 season the average flux reached 1.86 Crab units, while in the 1996-1997 season the average flux was only 0.23 Crab units. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

KW - AGN

KW - Markarian 421

KW - TeV gamma rays

UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10379/10116

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/84889816469

U2 - 10.13025/27615

DO - 10.13025/27615

M3 - Article

VL - 54

SP - 1

EP - 10

JO - Astroparticle Physics

JF - Astroparticle Physics

ER -

Observation of Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time span

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Keywords

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