Nitrogenase bioelectrocatalysis: Heterogeneous ammonia and hydrogen production by MoFe protein

Nitrogenase is the only enzyme known to catalyze the reduction of N₂ to 2NH₃. In vivo, the MoFe protein component of nitrogenase is exclusively reduced by the ATP-hydrolyzing Fe protein in a series of transient association/dissociation steps that are linked to the hydrolysis of two ATP for each electron transferred. We report MoFe protein immobilized at an electrode surface, where cobaltocene (as an electron mediator that can be observed in real time at a carbon electrode) is used to reduce the MoFe protein (independent of the Fe protein and of ATP hydrolysis) and support the bioelectrocatalytic reduction of protons to dihydrogen, azide to ammonia, and nitrite to ammonia. Bulk bioelectrosynthetic N₃ ^- or NO₂ ^- reduction (50 mM) for 30 minutes yielded 70 ± 9 nmol NH₃ and 234 ± 62 nmol NH₃, with NO₂ ^- reduction operating at high faradaic efficiency.