Mechanisms of luminal enlargement and quantification of vessel wall trauma following balloon coronary angioplasty and directional atherectomy: A study using intracoronary ultrasound, angioscopy and angiography

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the dual action of lumen enlargement and vessel wall damage following either balloon angioplasty or directional atherectomy, using intracoronary ultrasound, and angioscopy. Background: Differences in the mechanisms of action of balloon angioplasty and directional atherectomy may have a significant bearing on the immediate outcome and the restenosis rate at 6 months. Methods: A total of 36 patients were studied before and after either balloon angioplasty (n=18) or directional atherectomy (n=18). Ultrasound measurements included changes in lumen area, external elastic membrane area and plaque burden. In addition, the presence and extent of dissections were assessed to derive a damage score. Angioscopic assessment of the dilated or atherectomized stenotic lesions was translated into semi-quantitative dissection, thrombus and haemorrhage scores. Results: Atherectomy patients had a larger angiographic vessel size compared with the angioplasty group (3.55 ± 0.46 mm vs 3.00 ± 0.64 mm, P<0.05); however, minimal lumen diameter (1.18 ± 0.96 mm vs 0.85 ± 0.49 mm) and plaque burden (17.04 ± 3.69 vs 15.23 ± 4.92 mm²) measurements did not differ significantly. As a result of plaque reduction, atherectomy produced a larger increase in luminal area than the angioplasty group (5.80 ± 1.78 mm² vs 2.44 ± 1.36 mm², P<0.0001). Lumen increase after angioplasty was the result of 'plaque compression' (50%) and wall stretching (50%). Additionally, in both groups there was indirect angioscopic evidence of thrombus 'microembolization' as an adjunctive mechanism of lumen enlargement. Angioscopy identified big flaps in six and small intimai flaps in 11 of the atherectomized patients as compared with five and 12 patients in the angioplasty group. Changes in thrombus score following both coronary interventions were identical (0.72 ± 3.42 points atherectomy vs -0.38 ± 3.27 points balloon angioplasty, ns). Conclusions: Lumen enlargement after directional atherectomy is mainly achieved by plaque removal (87%), whereas balloon dilation is the result of vessel wall stretching (50%) and plaque reduction (50%). Despite the fact that the luminal gain achieved by directional atherectomy is twice that achieved with balloon angioplasty, the extent of trauma induced by both techniques seems to be similar.