Induction of innate immune responses by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae of the pandemic sequence type 258-clade I

Klebsiella pneumoniae-carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC) sequence-type 258 (ST258) has emerged as an important human pathogen throughout the world. Although lacking known virulence factors, it is associated with significant morbid-ity and high mortality rates. The pathogenicity of KPC K. pneumoniae ST258 strains has not been fully elucidated yet. We sought to investigate the interactions of the KPC K. pneumoniae ST258-clade I with different components of innate immunity. Human serum was used to evaluate the serum bactericidal activity and the J774A.1 murine (BALB/c mice) macrophage cell-line was used to examine phagocytosis, mRNA expression and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6. L-78, a KPC-producing K. pneumoniae ST258-clade I strain was used as representative of the strains circulating in Greek hospitals. K. pneumoniae ATCC 43816, a virulent K2 strain, was used for comparison. Strain L-78 was susceptible to human serum and rapidly phagocytosed by J774A.1 cells, in contrast to the virulent K2 strain, which was serum-resistant and slowly phagocy-tosed. Stimulation of the J774A.1 cells with the L-78 strain induced production of IL-1β at concentration levels significantly higher compared to K2, whereas production of TNF-α and IL-6 levels were comparable by the two strains. L-78 was able to induce IL-1β mRNA and NLRP3 mRNA expression. Our findings indicate that K. pneumoniae ST258-clade I is serum sensitive, rapidly phagocytosed and is capable of eliciting adequate innate immune response in terms of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.