Density Functional Theory (DFT)-Aided Structure Elucidation of Linear Diterpenes from the Irish Brown Seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata

Brown alga Bifurcaria bifurcata is an extraordinarily rich source of linear (acylic) diterpenes with enormous structural diversity. As part of our interest into secondary metabolites of the Irish seaweeds, here we report four new acyclic diterpenes (1–4) and seven known terpenoids (5–11) from the CHCl₃ extract of B. bifurcata. The planar structures of the new metabolites were elucidated by means of 1D and 2D NMR, HRMS, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Since linear diterpenes are highly flexible compounds, the assignment of their stereochemistry by conventional methods, e.g., NOESY NMR, is difficult. Therefore, we employed extensive quantum-mechanical prediction of NMR chemical shifts and optical rotation analyses to identify the relative and absolute configurations of the new compounds 1–4. Several compounds moderately inhibited the human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) with IC₅₀ values ranging from 10.0 to 33.5 µg/mL. This study not only demonstrates the vast capacity of the Irish B. bifurcata to produce highly oxygenated linear diterpenoids, but also highlights the potential of new methodologies for assignment of their stereogenic centers.