Comparing the environmental efficiency of milk and beef production through life cycle assessment of interconnected cattle systems

Dairy production has a substantial environmental impact. Currently, most studies analysing the environmental burdens of milk production employ attributional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), in a cradle to gate analysis of dairy systems. This approach calculates environmental footprints per kg fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM). However, milk and beef production are inherently interconnected, and a narrow focus on milk production neglects synergies and trade-offs across cattle systems. For the first time, we applied an expanded boundary LCA of coupled dairy and beef production in Latin America, considering a functional unit (FU) of 1 kg FPCM plus 100 g of beef to reflect the current global beef:milk demand ratio. Boundaries encompassed fattening of surplus dairy calves and incurred or avoided suckler-beef production needed to deliver the FU. A database of 552 Costa Rican farms (203 beef and 349 dairy farms) was analysed using a farm LCA model to generate results across five impact categories (Global Warming - GWP; Eutrophication; Acidification; Abiotic Resource Depletion; and Land Occupation - LO). Normalised scores indicated particularly large cattle system contributions to global per capita GWP and LO burdens. Cradle-to-gate attributional LCA showed that milk produced by dual-purpose farms had the largest GWP and LO footprints, whilst specialist farms had the smallest footprints, per kg FPCM. However, expanded boundary LCA of cattle systems indicated that dual purpose farms generated smaller GWP footprints per kg FPCM plus 100 g beef than specialised dairy farms, though still required more land. Key factors were the herd structure, influencing the amount of beef produced, and milk yields per animal, reflecting the level of dairy specialisation. This new evidence on the environmental efficiency of cattle production systems emphasises the imperative to consider multiple environmental pressures across interconnected milk and beef production systems when designing sustainable intensification mitigation strategies.