Centralized water reuse system with multiple applications in urban areas: Lessons from China's experience

In the context of rapid urbanization and water shortage, many cities of the world, especially megacities in rapidly developing zones, have urgent needs in improving their sustainable water management without compromising the local socioeconomic development. Water reuse has been increasingly recognized as a sustainable water management strategy. The results of this paper have shown that the development of water reuse in China is found to have positive correlations to local water resource availability and GDP levels, and the water reuse rate in some megacities has already reached 35–60%. Centralized water reuse systems have widely gained favor. Thus, a centralized water reuse framework with three utilization patterns is proposed. Particularly, a multiple-utilization model that applies a hierarchical use structure is found to be viable for meeting multiple water quality requirements. Other patterns address environmental and cascading ways in maximizing the value of reclaimed water use. A case study in a Chinese megacity, Tianjin, is demonstrated where a large-scale centralized water reuse project with a multiple barrier treatment approach and a hierarchical distribution and use structure has contributed to water reuse development in a safe, reliable and economical manner. This paper can be beneficial to water authorities and practitioners for long-term urban water management in other rapidly developing cities and regions that have encountered similar water-related problems.