Back to the Future: Standard and language standards in contemporary Manx Gaelic

The paper focuses on the language standards and perceptions of an authoritative target variety in contemporary Manx Gaelic language which is native to the Isle of Man, a quasi-independent island polity in the Irish Sea. It highlights the opportunities of and remarkable level of institutionalisation along with the expansion of adult learning. An overview on the Haugens fourfold language planning model including processes of selection, codification, elaboration and implementation, is provided.