Advances and challenges in P2P energy trading: A review of renewable integration and decarbonisation in Ireland

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading has emerged as a promising model for decentralised energy markets, allowing consumers to trade electricity directly. This paper explores the advances and challenges in P2P energy trading, with a historical review of its global development and a particular focus on Ireland. Despite technical advancements, several constraints hinder widespread adoption. Ireland lacks a clear legal framework to support P2P energy trading, creating regulatory uncertainty. Additionally, user acceptance remains low due to limited awareness, trust issues, and the complexities associated with participation. These challenges, combined with grid constraints and pricing uncertainties, have slowed progress. This paper shows that while P2P energy trading offers a decentralised, consumer-driven alternative to traditional energy markets, its success in Ireland will depend on regulatory evolution, technological diversification, and increased consumer engagement.